Mullen GR, Murphree CS. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). In: Mullen GR, Durden LA, editors. Medical and veterinary entomology (third edition). London: Academic; 2019. p. 213–36.
Mellor PS, Boorman J, Baylis M. Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:307–40.
Google Scholar
Borkent A. Numbers of extant and fossil species of Ceratopogonidae. 2016. https://wwv.inhs.illinois.edu/files/4014/6785/5847/WorldCatalogtaxa.pdf. Accessed 6 July 2016.
Borkent A: The subgeneric classification of species of Culicoides-thoughts and a warning. 2016. https://wwv.inhs.illinois.edu/files/5014/6532/8290/CulicoidesSubgenera.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2016.
Borkent A, Dominiak P. Catalog of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa. 2020;4787:1–377.
The Center for Food Security & Public Health. Bluetongue. 2015. https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/bluetongue.pdf. Accessed June 2015.
Tabachnick WJ. Culicoides variipennis and bluetongue-virus epidemiology in the United States. Annu Rev Entomol. 1996;41:23–43.
Google Scholar
Mullen GR, Anderson RR: Transmission of orbiviruses by Culicoides Latreille species (Ceratopogonidae) among cattle and white-tailed deer in the southeastern United States. In: Fourth International Congress of Dipterology, 6–13 Sept 1998, Oxford. p. 155–6.
Greiner EC, Barber TL, Pearson JE, Kramer WL, Gibbs EP. Orbiviruses from Culicoides in Florida. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;178:195–200.
Google Scholar
Kramer WL, Greiner EC, Gibbs EPJ. Seasonal variations in population size, fecundity, and parity rates of Culicoides insignis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Florida, USA. J Med Entomol. 1985;22:163–9.
Google Scholar
Smith KE, Stallknecht DE, Sewell CT, Rollor EA, Mullen GR, Anderson RR. Monitoring of Culicoides spp. at a site enzootic for hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Georgia, USA. J Wildl Dis. 1996;32:627–42.
Google Scholar
Becker ME, Reeves WK, Dejean SK, Emery MP, Ostlund EN, Foil LD. Detection of bluetongue virus RNA in field-collected Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) following the discovery of bluetongue virus serotype 1 in white-tailed deer and cattle in Louisiana. J Med Entomol. 2014;47:269–73.
McGregor BL, Sloyer KE, Sayler KA, Goodfriend O, Krauer JMC, Acevedo C, et al. Field data implicating Culicoides stellifer and Culicoides venustus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:258.
Google Scholar
Becker ME, Roberts J, Schroeder ME, Gentry G, Foil LD. Prospective study of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus transmission in captive ruminants. J Med Entomol. 2020;57:1277–85.
Google Scholar
Mullen GR, Jones RH, Braverman Y, Nusbaum KE. Laboratory infections of Culicoides debilipalpis and C. stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with bluetongue virus. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;178:239–43.
Google Scholar
Smith KE, Stallknecht DE. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected during epizootics of hemorrhagic disease among captive white-tailed deer. J Med Entomol. 1996;33:507–10.
Google Scholar
McDermott EG, Lysyk TJ. Sampling considerations for adult and immature Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J Insect Sci. 2020;20:2.
Google Scholar
Blanton FS, Wirth WW. The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and neighbouring land areas, vol. 10. Gainesville: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry; 1979.
Carpenter S, Szmaragd C, Barber J, Labuschagne K, Gubbins S, Mellor P. An assessment of Culicoides surveillance techniques in northern Europe: have we underestimated a potential bluetongue virus vector? J Appl Ecol. 2008;45:1237–45.
Viennet E, Garros C, Lancelot R, Allène X, Gardès L, Rakotoarivony I, et al. Assessment of vector/host contact: comparison of animal-baited traps and UV-light/suction trap for collecting Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vectors of Orbiviruses. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:119.
Google Scholar
Mullen GR, Hribar LJ. Biology and feeding behavior of ceratopogonid larvae(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in North America. Bull Soc Vector Ecol. 1988;13:60–81.
Yanase T, Matsumoto Y, Matsumori Y, Aizawa M, Hirata M, Kato T, et al. Molecular identification of field-collected Culicoides larvae in the southern part of Japan. J Med Entomol. 2013;50:1105–10.
Google Scholar
Bakhoum MT, Sarr M, Fall AG, Huber K, Fall M, Sembène M, et al. DNA barcoding and molecular identification of field-collected Culicoides larvae in the Niayes area of Senegal. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:615.
Google Scholar
Edgar RC. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:1792–7.
Google Scholar
Lanfear R, Frandsen PB, Wright AM, Senfeld T, Calcott B. PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Mol Biol Evol. 2017;34:772–3.
Google Scholar
Guindon S, Dufayard J-F, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol. 2010;59:307–21.
Google Scholar
Lanfear R, Calcott B, Ho SY, Guindon S. PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Mol Biol Evol. 2012;29:1695–701.
Google Scholar
Nguyen L-T, Schmidt HA, Von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. 2015;32:268–74.
Google Scholar
Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TK, Von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods. 2017;14:587–9.
Google Scholar
Hoang DT, Chernomor O, Von Haeseler A, Minh BQ, Vinh LS. UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35:518–22.
Google Scholar
Chernomor O, Von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Syst Biol. 2016;65:997–1008.
Google Scholar
Letunic I, Bork P. Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49:W293–6.
Google Scholar
FigTree. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/.
Augot D, Mathieu B, Hadj-Henni L, Barriel V, Mena SZ, Smolis S, et al. Molecular phylogeny of 42 species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from three continents. Parasite. 2017;24:23.
Google Scholar
Swanson D. Ecology and phylogeny of the biting-midge genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Clemson: Clemson University; 2012.
Kiehl E, Walldorf V, Klimpel S, Al-Quraishy S, Mehlhorn H. Genebank accession numbers of sequences of Culicoides species vectors of bluetongue virus in Germany. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:293.
Google Scholar
Mignotte AGC, Garros C, Gardès L, Balenghien T, Duhayon M, Rakotoarivony I, et al. The tree that hides the forest: cryptic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the palaearctic vector Obsoletus/Scoticus complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at the European level. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:265.
Song H, Buhay JE, Whiting MF, Crandall KA. Many species in one: DNA barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes are coamplified. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:13486–91.
Google Scholar
Martin ECE, Shults P, Golnar A, Swanson DA, Benn J, et al. Culicoides species community composition and infection status with parasites in an urban environment of east central Texas, USA. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:39.
Google Scholar
Lassen SB, Achim Nielsen S, Skovgård H, Kristensen M. Molecular differentiation of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the subgenus Culicoides Latreille in Denmark. Parasitol Res. 2012;110:1765–71.
Google Scholar
Pagès N, Muñoz-Muñoz F, Talavera S, Sarto V, Lorca C, Núñez JI. Identification of cryptic species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the subgenus Culicoides and development of species-specific PCR assays based on barcode regions. Vet Parasitol. 2009;165:298–310.
Google Scholar
Yildirim A, Dik B, Duzlu O, Onder Z, Ciloglu A, Yetismis G, et al. Genetic diversity of Culicoides species within the Pulicaris complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Turkey inferred from mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Acta Trop. 2019;190:380–8.
Google Scholar
Dallas JF, Cruickshank RH, Linton YM, Nolan DV, Patakakis M, Braverman Y, et al. Phylogenetic status and matrilineal structure of the biting midge, Culicoides imicola, in Portugal, Rhodes and Israel. Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17:379–87.
Google Scholar
Linton YM, Mordue AJ, Cruickshank RH, Meiswinkel R, Mellor PS, Dallas JF. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of five species of the Culicoides imicola species complex. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16:139–46.
Pagès N, Sarto i Monteys V. Differentiation of Culicoides obsoletus and Culicoides scoticus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:1026–34.
Google Scholar
Ander M, Troell K, Chirico J. Barcoding of biting midges in the genus Culicoides: a tool for species determination. Med Vet Entomol. 2013;27:323–31.
Google Scholar
Slama D, Chaker E, Mathieu B, Babba H, Depaquit J, Augot D. Biting midges monitoring (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides Latreille) in the governate of Monastir (Tunisia): species composition and molecular investigations. Parasitol Res. 2014;113:2435–43.
Google Scholar
Nielsen SA, Kristensen M. Delineation of Culicoides species by morphology and barcode exemplified by three new species of the subgenus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Scandinavia. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:151.
Google Scholar
Zittra C, Wöss G, Van der Vloet L, Bakran-Lebl K, Shahi-Barogh B, Sehnal P, et al. Barcoding of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Austria—an update of the species inventory including the first records of three species in Austria. Pathogens. 2020;9:406.
Google Scholar
Videvall E, Bensch S, Ander M, Chirico J, Sigvald R, Ignell R. Molecular identification of bloodmeals and species composition in Culicoides biting midges. Med Vet Entomol. 2013;27:104–12.
Google Scholar
Augot D, Sauvage F, Jouet D, Simphal E, Veuille M, Couloux A, et al. Discrimination of Culicoides obsoletus and Culicoides scoticus, potential bluetongue vectors, by morphometrical and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I analysis. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10:629–37.
Google Scholar
Tabachnick WJ. Microgeographic and temporal genetic variation in populations of the bluetongue virus vector Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J Med Entomol. 1992;29:384–94.
Google Scholar
Holbrook FR, Tabachnick WJ, Schmidtmann ET, McKinnon CN, Bobian RJ, Grogan WL. Sympatry in the Culicoides variipennis complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): a taxonomic reassessment. J Med Entomol. 2000;37:65–76.
Google Scholar
Hopken MW. Pathogen vectors at the wildlife-livestock interface: molecular approaches to elucidating Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biology. Fort Collins: Colorado State University; 2016.
Whiting MF, Carpenter JC, Wheeler QD, Wheeler WC. The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Syst Biol. 1997;46:1–68.
Google Scholar
Porazinska DL, Giblin-Davis RM, Faller L, Farmerie W, Kanzaki N, Morris K, et al. Evaluating high-throughput sequencing as a method for metagenomic analysis of nematode diversity. Mol Ecol Resour. 2009;9:1439–50.
Google Scholar